During the month, the seismic stations recorded thousands of mining induced earthquakes and strong ambient seismic … Michał MalinowskiDr. They rely on no controlled sources but seek out naturally occurring variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields. All geophysical exploration methods, comprising gravity–magnetic, radiometric, electric–electromagnetic and seismic … Consequently, seismic methods will become a more important tool to help unravel structures hosting mineral deposits at great depth for mine planning and exploration. Gravity and magnetic methods, which are Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI. Metal Earth regional-scale transects using over 5000 active sensors target mineralizing fluid pathways throughout the crust, whereas higher spatial-resolution reflection and full-waveform surveys target structures at mine camp scales. This zone of enhanced seismic reflectivity in the footwall of the massive sulfide ore zone is also recognized on the Lalor seismic data suggesting that high-grade terrains hosting VMS deposits possess enhanced potential for the seismic detection of their footwall hydrothermal alteration zones. In the shallow subsurface, steep reflectors are imaged, and within and underneath the known Kylylahti ultramafic body reflectivity is prominent but discontinuous. Seismic surveysprovide what is likened to a pictorial distribution of the subsurface structure and stratigraphy. 3D deep structure of the Early Precambrian crust in the East European craton: A synthesis, Precambrian Mississippi Valley–type deposits: Relation to changes in composition of the hydrosphere and atmosphere, Tectonostratigraphic framework and depositional history of the Cretaceous–Danian succession of the Danish Central Graben (North Sea) – new light on a mature area. A wide range of case studies are covered, including some that are published in the special issue accompanying this article, from surface to borehole seismic methods, as well as petrophysical data and seismic modeling of mineral deposits. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. The main techniques used are: Seismic tomography to locate earthquakes and assist in Seismology Reflection seismology and seismic refraction to map the surface structure of a region. The integrated analysis of seismic rock properties, lithogeochemical data, and mineral compositional data, estimated via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), provides insight into the effects of hydrothermal alteration on seismic reflectivity in the footwall of the Lalor volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS). Instead, mining and exploration companies have traditionally. Authors may use MDPI's Both systems were deployed in boreholes located nearby the target sulfide deposit, and used in combination with an active seismic source that was fired from within the underground tunnels. In this context, we present a case study of an underground Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) experiment, which was designed to image a (semi-)massive sulfide deposit located in the Kylylahti polymetallic mine in eastern Finland. However, depth imaging methods were used only recently for mineral exploration because they require accurate velocity models that are particularly difficult to obtain with the low signal-to-noise ratio seismic … In addition to the measurements, we generated a realistic synthetic dataset based on a detailed geological model derived from extensive drilling data and petrophysical laboratory analysis. The Kylylahti area is characterized by folded and faulted, steeply dipping geological contacts and structures. Milovan UrosevicGuest Editors. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. We show that by using an advanced pre-stack depth imaging algorithm it is possible to retrieve meaningful and robust seismic images with sparse shot points, using only 3–4 source points per kilometer along a seismic profile. The method involves the propagation and measure of artificial acoustic waves into the earth. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. The seismic reflection method has been used extensively in mineral exploration and for imaging crustal structures within hardrock environments. Papers addressing technical aspects of the seismic workflow with a particular focus on state-of-the-art methods opening new frontiers in mineral exploration are especially welcome. Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Historical development of magnetic technique in mineral exploration … Specific processing and imaging of the acquired and synthetic datasets yielded high-resolution reflectivity images. The seismic reflection method usually gives better resolution (i.e., makes it possible to see smaller features) than other methods, with the exception of measurements made in close proximity, as with … Its founders are recognised leading academics in this new field. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The petrophysi… Instead, mining and exploration companies have traditionally focused more on the use of potential field, electric and electromagnetic methods. Sisprobe, a French company, is the world leader in passive seismic ambient noise methods. Seismic reflection is the most effective exploration tool available to the oil and gas industry, using the transmission of sound waves through the earth and their reflections off different … As wav… doi: https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0028.1. The survey was completed in the northern part of the Carpathian Foredeep (SE Poland) where sulfur deposits occur up to a depth of ca. Seismic is utilised in many applications for subsurface investigations, mineral exploration being one of them. This amounts to a lower total acquisition cost, which makes DAS a valuable tool for future mineral exploration activities. This Special Issue aims to publish case studies demonstrating the value of seismic methods for a wide range of mineral … The book is 438 pages, hardcover and 225 × 280 mm in size. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, © 1996-2021 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. All papers will be peer-reviewed. This secondary effect is due to an increase in P-wave velocity with increasing intensity of hydrothermal alteration, as measured by the Ishikawa and Carbonate-Chlorite-Pyrite alteration indices. Hard Rock Conclusions. The interpretation of these reflections has been complicated by disparate borehole data, particularly because of the scarce amount of available sonic borehole logs and the varying practices in logging of borehole lithologies. We discuss post-stack and pre-stack data processing and compare time and depth imaging techniques in this geologically complex Precambrian hardrock area. Mixture modeling of the seismic rock properties and mineral percentages suggests that the increase in seismic velocity is due to an increase in abundance of cordierite, which is one of the diagnostic aluminum silicates for hydrothermally-altered volcanic rocks metamorphosed in the upper almandine amphibolite facies. Five seismic profiles were acquired with a total length of 2450 m. The acquisition was designed to obtain high-resolution, long offsets and a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. You do not currently have access to this article. Geodesy and … In the field, we used 48 channels and variable end-on roll-along spread that allowed us to record offsets of up to 375 m. Data processing was aimed at preserving relative amplitudes (known as RAP, relative amplitude preservation processing), an approach that is necessary for seismic inversion application. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website. This Special Issue aims to publish case studies demonstrating the value of seismic methods for a wide range of mineral commodities located in a variety of mining camps across the globe. Seismic Surveys in Mineral Exploration: Geophones – I “Heard” That! Seismic methods were not used for hard-rock mineral exploration until relatively recently. This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits". The site of this study is the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit within the mafic-ultramafic Kevitsa intrusion in northern Finland. Reflection and transmission at normal incidence. Seismic methods for hard rock mineral exploration; 34th IGC Brisbane 19. 260 m. In this region, the sulfur ore is strata-bound and exists within a carbonate interval of a thickness of approximately 28 m. The average sulfur content reaches up to 30%. Seismic reflection methods have been used for the exploration of mineral resources for several decades. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Editorial for Special Issue “Seismic Methods in Mineral Exploration”, Predicting Missing Seismic Velocity Values Using Self-Organizing Maps to Aid the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit in Northern Finland, Elucidating the Effects of Hydrothermal Alteration on Seismic Reflectivity in the Footwall of the Lalor Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Snow Lake, Manitoba, Canada, Sparse 3D Seismic Imaging in the Kylylahti Mine Area, Eastern Finland: Comparison of Time Versus Depth Approach, Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland, Simultaneous Inversion of Shallow Seismic Data for Imaging of Sulfurized Carbonates, Acquisition and Processing of Wider Bandwidth Seismic Data in Crystalline Crust: Progress with the Metal Earth Project, Underground Vertical Seismic Profiling with Conventional and Fiber-Optic Systems for Exploration in the Kylylahti Polymetallic Mine, Eastern Finland. Alireza Malehmir, Raymond Durrheim, Gilles Bellefleur, Milovan Urosevic, Christopher Juhlin, Donald John White, Bernd Milkereit, Geoff Campbell; Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning: A general overview of past and present case histories and a look into the future. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). In Canada, 3D seismic investigations focus on massive sulfide deposits, rich in copper, nickel and zinc. Discovery of the Tara Deep Zn-Pb Mineralization at the Boliden Tara Mine, Navan, Ireland: Success with Modern Seismic Surveys. English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions. In conclusion, our experiment demonstrates the value of in-mine VSP measurements for detailed resource delineation in a complex geological setting. The 2D seismic data acquisition utilized both Vibroseis and dynamite sources with 20 m spacing and wireless receivers spaced every 10 m. For both source types, the recorded data show clear first breaks over all offsets and reflectors in the raw shot gathers. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. However, despite their unmatched spatial resolution and depth penetration, they only have played a minor role in mineral discoveries so far. Search for other works by this author on: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and University of the Witwatersrand. using seismic refraction, surface-wave methods) and … At present, high-resolution 2D surveys mostly are performed in mining areas, but there is a general increasing trend in the use of 3D seismic methods, especially in mature mining camps. Joint analysis of these images and cross-validation with lithological logging data from 135 nearby boreholes led to successful interpretation of key geological contacts including the target sulfide mineralization. Relevance of Geophysics across the world is as a result of oil and solid mineral exploration. • High resolution - low ambiguity method with no loss of resolution with depth • Detects contrasts in sonic … Seismic data acquired in this early stage of the Metal Earth project benefited greatly from recent advances in the petroleum sector as well as those in mineral exploration. Copyright © 2021 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. Natural Resources Canada, K1A 0E8 Ottawa, Canada, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452, Warszawa, Poland, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia, In many parts of the world, exploration for mineral deposits is moving progressively but persistently to greater depths, relying on knowledge gained from previous exploration campaigns and on new exploration tools and techniques used to guide deep and costly boreholes to most suitable, In many parts of the world, exploration for mineral deposits is moving progressively but persistently to greater depths, relying on knowledge gained from previous exploration campaigns and on new exploration tools and techniques used to guide deep and costly boreholes to most suitable targets [...], (This article belongs to the Special Issue, We use self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to predict missing seismic velocity values from other available borehole data. For the measurement, we used a conventional VSP with three-component geophones and a novel fiber-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) system. We use self-organizing map (SOM) analysis to predict missing seismic velocity values from other available borehole data. To test whether this ambient seismic noise imaging method could be used as a tool for mineral exploration, we deployed 200 single-compoenent seismic stations adjacent to an active mine for a one month period. With offices in France, USA and Australia, the company is active in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, civil engineering and seismic … The seismic reflection profiles show prominent reflectors at 4.5–8 km depth utilizing different migration routines. To apply these same methods to mineral exploration in hardrock environments we need to adapt the time-tested seismic techniques developed for oil and gas exploration to the problems associated with a seismically reflective medium. The survey was completed in the northern part of the Carpathian Foredeep (SE Poland) where sulfur deposits occur. This is a practical textbook of geophysical exploration focusing on readers of mining engineers and economic geologists. Where the new sections overlap with previous Lithoprobe surveys, a clear improvement in reflector detection and definition is observed. East European Craton: Early Precambrian History and 3D Models of Deep Crustal Structure, Evolution of Early Earth's Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere - Constraints from Ore Deposits, Petroleum Geology of NW Europe: 50 Years of Learning – Proceedings of the 8th Petroleum Geology Conference, This site uses cookies. Page 3 Saskatchewan Mining Association www.saskmininged.com are in mapping folds, ore deposits, groundwater, underground contamination, and site investigation for construction. In this study, SOM is used to predict missing seismic velocities from other geophysical, geochemical, geological, and geotechnical data. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. In this research the seismic reflection method has been … Exploration geophysics is the practical application of physical methods (such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic) to measure the physical properties of rocks, … The Metal Earth project acquired 927 km of deep seismic reflection profiles from August to November of 2017. With the utilization of well log data and results of simultaneous inversion, we were able to calculate the elastic properties of the deposit to evaluate sulfur ore content and changes in lithology. The Metal Earth project acquired 927 km of deep seismic reflection profiles from August to November of 2017. The recording systems provided data with a good signal-to-noise ratio and high spatial resolution. In many parts of the world, exploration for mineral deposits is moving progressively but persistently to greater depths, relying on knowledge gained from previous exploration campaigns and also on new exploration tools and techniques to efficiently guide deep and costly boreholes. To evaluate porosity changes and associated sulfur content, a simultaneous inversion procedure was used. Dr. Gilles BellefleurDr. For test boreholes, for which measured seismic velocity logs are also available, the correlation between actual measured and predicted velocities is strong to moderate, depending on the parameters included in the SOM analysis. The course will provide the participants with a profound understanding of seismic methods for deep mineral exploration and consists of two parts/modules: The classroom part/module comprises the theoretical concepts, practical implementations and case studies, including basic, as well as state-of-the art approaches in seismic data processing and imaging for surface and borehole based seismic methods… Find support for a specific problem on the support section of our website. This method is used to map the structure of subsurface formations by measuring the times required for a seismic wave, generated in the earth by a near surface exploration of dynamite, mechanical impact or … With this setup, we successfully recorded seismic reflections from the deposit and its nearby geological contrasts. This is the product of velocity (v) and density (ρ) of each rock layer in the subsurface, implying that each rock has its own characteristic impedance. Our dedicated information section provides allows you to learn more about MDPI. Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). Geographically widespread data sets and deep-penetrating geophysical methods are required to map the various components of the mineral … Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. This is a pioneering approach in which we applied pre-stack inversion methods to shallow carbonate sediments. Improvements are here attributed to the increased bandwidth of the signal, better estimates of refraction and reflection velocities used in processing, and especially the pre-stack time migration of the data. The site has been the target of extensive. The method operates by emitting a percussive force to the ground, producing seismic waves … Conventional seismic reflection methods have been used with great success over the past decades to explore sedimentary environments for petroleum resources. You could not be signed in. Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The basic principle of all seismic methods is the controlled generation of elastic waves by a seismic source in order to obtain an image of the subsurface. 1.1 Application of methods Example applications of geophysical techniques to mineral-environmental problems are summarized in Table 1 (Section 3), which lists application, problems, processes, and In this article, we present a high-resolution shallow seismic surveying method for imaging the inner structure of the Miocene evaporitic formation, where sulfur ore occurs. Western Australian-focused hard rock companies, in particular, have embraced 3D seismic surveying … Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. The effects of hydrothermal alteration on variations in acoustic impedance are secondary in magnitude and superimposed on the dominant acoustic impedance contrast between felsic and mafic volcanic protoliths. The sulfur content is strongly dependent on the carbonate reservoir’s porosity. Our results encourage the use of 2D. We used the seismic data acquired within the COGITO-MIN project comprising two approximately 6 km long seismic reflection profiles at the polymetallic Kylylahti massive sulfide mine site in eastern Finland. Seismic Methods Seismic methods can provide valuable information of the subsurface, such as the seismic velocity structure of the geology (e.g. With encouraging results recently obtained in various mining camps, seismic methods continue to make valuable contributions to deep mineral exploration worldwide. Geophysics 2012;; 77 (5): WC173–WC190. We review important contributions that have been made in developing these techniques for the mining industry with focus on four main regions: Australia, Europe, Canada, and South Africa. Due to high metal prices and increased difficulties in finding shallower deposits, the exploration for and exploitation of mineral resources is expected to move to greater depths. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our, Sulfide-silicate textures in magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide ore deposits: Disseminated and net-textured ores, 14. Near-surface velocity models are important for deep imaging of mineral deposits with seismic exploration. This includes topics such as regional reconnaissance of ore system elements; rock physics and quantitative analysis for improved characterization of mineral deposits; modelling, inversion, and integration of seismic data with ore deposit geology. Gravity and magnetic geophysical methods are passive. Seismic … The synthetic seismic data of a simple VMS model consisting of mafic-felsic host rock contacts, a sulfide ore lens, and a discordant hydrothermal conduit, consisting of the amphibolite-facies mineral assemblage (600 °C, 6 kbar) encountered at Lalor, show enhanced seismic reflections at conduit-host rock contacts, in comparison to its greenschist facies equivalent (350 °C, 2.5 kbar). With encouraging results recently obtained in various mining camps, seismic methods continue to make valuable contributions to deep mineral exploration worldwide. Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 March 2019). We show that by using an advanced pre-stack depth imaging algorithm it is possible to retrieve meaningful and robust seismic images with sparse shot points, using only 3–4 source points per kilometer along a seismic profile. SOM is an unsupervised data mining method based on vector quantization. Because Metal Earth was proposed to map and compare entire Archean ore and geologically similar non-ore systems, regional sections cover the entire crust to the Moho in the Abitibi and Wabigoon greenstone belts of the Superior craton in central Canada. Seismic waves are pulses of strain energy that propagate in solids and fluids. However, despite their unmatched spatial resolution and depth penetration, they only have played a minor role in mineral discoveries so far. Seismic reflection methods have been used for the exploration of mineral resources for several decades. You seem to have javascript disabled. The site has been the target of extensive seismic reflection surveys, which have revealed a series of reflections beneath the Kevitsa resource area. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. In mineral exploration and engineering projects, applicability of seismic imaging is often limited and other geophysical methods take the front seat. SEISMIC METHODS Seismic techniques have had relatively limited utilization, due to their relatively high cost and the difficulty of acquiring and interpreting seismic data in strongly faulted and altered igneous terranes, in mineral assessments and exploration at the deposit scale. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Metamorphosed, igneous and polydeformed rocks, which are common subjects of mineral exploration, can be far more complicated than the stratified rocks examined in the search for oil and ga… Not only does this broadband signal enhance reflections from the deepest to the shallowest crust, but it also helps the use of full waveform inversion (e.g., to mitigate cycle-skipping) and related techniques. Predicted reflectivity logs, based on measured densities and predicted velocities, show that some contacts between olivine pyroxenite/olivine websterite-dominant host rocks of the Kevitsa disseminated sulfide mineralization—and metaperidotite—earlier extensively used “lithology” label that essentially describes various degrees of alteration of different olivine pyroxenite variants—are reflective, and thus, alteration can potentially cause reflectivity within the Kevitsa intrusion. In particular, we emphasize the potential benefit of using fiber-optic DAS systems, which provide reflection data at sufficient quality with less logistical effort and a higher acquisition rate. The emergence of the concept of a “mineral system” has changed the way regional-scale mineral prospectivity is assessed. When a … In this article, we present a high-resolution shallow seismic surveying method for imaging the inner structure of the Miocene evaporitic formation, where sulfur ore occurs. Peer-Review process before submitting a manuscript deposits at depth technical aspects of the seismic workflow with a particular on! A valuable tool for future mineral exploration worldwide used a conventional VSP with three-component geophones and novel... Page 3 Saskatchewan mining Association www.saskmininged.com are in mapping folds, ore deposits, groundwater, underground contamination, geotechnical. Reflection methods have been used for the exploration of mineral deposits with seismic.... 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Elsewhere ( except conference proceedings papers ) we discuss post-stack and pre-stack data processing and of. Improvement in reflector detection and definition is observed registered, click here to go to the section `` mineral ''... Seismic surveysprovide what is likened to a pictorial distribution of the Witwatersrand shallow subsurface steep! In solids and fluids use good English you are registered, click here to go to the ``...