vitamin b12 function

[, de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. [, Buvat DR. Use of metformin is a cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1992. Effects of B-vitamins on plasma homocysteine concentrations and on risk of cardiovascular disease and dementia. Vitamin B12 also plays a role in the normal function of the immune and nervous systems, normal psychological function and the process of cell division. The neurological symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency can occur without anemia, so early diagnosis and intervention is important to avoid irreversible damage [6]. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD004514. Vitamin B12 (Methyl-cobalamin) normal nerve function normal blood function Beef, lamb, fish, veal, chicken, eggs, milk and other dairy products. Data from the 1999–2000 NHANES indicate that the median daily intake of vitamin B12 for the U.S. population is 3.4 mcg [25]. However, in many cases, the cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is unknown. Institute of Medicine. Find out what you need to do to overcome this problem and improve your cognitive and mental function. This review found very low quality evidence that suggests a connection between high plasma homocysteine levels (a by-product of B vitamin … An elevated serum homocysteine level (values >13 micromol/L) [12] might also suggest a vitamin B12 deficiency. It occurs naturally in meat products and can only be industrially produced through bacterial fermentation synthesis. “B12 is found mostly in … Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population: Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. No effect of vitamin B-12 treatment on cognitive function and depression: a randomized placebo controlled study. Functions. Clin Invest Med 1994;17:244-52. Measurement of homocyst(e)ine in the prediction of arteriosclerosis. It is a relatively rare condition, affecting only 2–3% of the population. [, Chanarin I. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:491-7. Children aged 9 to 13 require 1.8 mcg and younger … This water-soluble vitamin supplies methyl groups for DNA and protein synthesis. Large amounts of folic acid can mask the damaging effects of vitamin B12 deficiency by correcting the megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency [3,5] without correcting the neurological damage that also occurs [1,35]. [, Balk EM, Raman G, Tatsioni A, Chung M, Lau J, Rosenberg IH. L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the degradation of propionate [3,5,6], an essential biochemical reaction in fat and protein metabolism. [, Johnson MA. Vitamin B12 primarily functions as an enzyme cofactor. [, Vidal-Alaball J, Butler CC, Cannings-John R, Goringe A, Hood K, McCaddon A, et al. Neurological aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Benefits of Vitamin B12. [, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, et al. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. Here’s our process. Vitamin B12 is utilized in many parts of the body and metabolism. FDA does not require food labels to list vitamin B12 content unless vitamin B12 has been added to the food. 2010 May 20;340:c2181. Pregnant and lactating women who follow strict vegetarian or vegan diets should consult with a pediatrician regarding vitamin B12 supplements for their infants and children [5]. [, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D'Agostino RB, et al. Vitamin B12, like the other B vitamins, is important [, Flynn MA, Herbert V, Nolph GB, Krause G. Atherogenesis and the homocysteine-folate-cobalamin triad: do we need standardized analyses? N Engl J Med 2006;354:1578-88. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Boers GH. Dietary supplements can also contain methylcobalamin and other forms of vitamin B12. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Vitamin B12, a complex water-soluble organic compound that is essential to a number of microorganisms and animals, including humans. For these reasons, folic acid intake from fortified food and supplements should not exceed 1,000 mcg daily in healthy adults [5]. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57:422-8. Includes a variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. 2013;51(3):633-637. [. These claims are based on the fact that correcting the megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency should improve the associated symptoms of fatigue and weakness. [, Sharabi A, Cohen E, Sulkes J, Garty M. Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency: comparison between the sublingual and oral route. It plays a vital role in brain function and the production of DNA and red blood cells. It keeps … While it’s true that B12 does support energy, that’s not the entire picture. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is a man-made form of vitamin B12. *DV = Daily Value. Your body can store vitamin B-12 for a long time, so deficiencies are rare. Relation to measures to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. Women at high risk of cardiovascular disease who participated in the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study were randomly assigned to receive daily supplements containing 1 mg vitamin B12, 2.5 mg folic acid and 50 mg vitamin B6, or placebo [80]. JAMA 2008 ;300:1774-83. In mice, vitamin B12 deficiency was found to affect immunoglobulin production and cytokine levels (Funada et al., 2001). This review found very low quality evidence that suggests a connection between high plasma homocysteine lev … Vitamin B-12 can be found naturally in animal products, such as fish, meat, eggs, and dairy products. The Norwegian Vitamin (NORVIT) trial [66] and the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention trial had similar results [71]. [. [, Force RW, Nahata MC. In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 195 subjects aged 70 years or older with no or moderate cognitive impairment received 1,000 mcg vitamin B12, 1,000 mcg vitamin B12 plus 400 mcg folic acid, or placebo for 24 weeks [77]. The antibiotic chloramphenicol, or chloromycetin, may also interfere with red blood cell production in people taking supplements. Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement and a prescription medication. Decreased hydrochloric acid levels might also increase the growth of normal intestinal bacteria that use vitamin B12, further reducing the amount of vitamin B12 available to the body [41]. J Nutr 2000;130:3090-6. [, Kaiser L, Allen LH. Just like many other B group vitamins, B12 acts as a coenzyme. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:514-22. Although the most important tasks of vitamin B12 concern metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins, it also functions in me… Clinically significant effects may be more likely in patients with inadequate vitamin B12 stores, especially those using H2 receptor antagonists continuously for more than 2 years [94]. Gastritis, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease may lead to a deficiency because these conditions cause the absorption of nutrients to be reduced. Br Med J 1991;302:749-52. Pernicious anemia is usually treated with intramuscular vitamin B12. Liver disease can cause B vitamin deficiencies, mostly due to poor diet. The authors of a review of randomized controlled trials comparing oral with intramuscular vitamin B12 concluded that 2,000 mcg of oral vitamin B12 daily, followed by a decreased daily dose of 1,000 mcg and then 1,000 mcg weekly and finally, monthly might be as effective as intramuscular administration [28,29]. Individuals with atrophic gastritis are unable to absorb the vitamin B12 that is naturally present in food. [, Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke K, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses the B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. In many of these cases, the cause of the vitamin B12 deficiency is unknown [8]. Vitamin B12, like the other B vitamins, is important for protein metabolism. This study found that the percentage of participants in three age groups (26–49 years, 50–64 years, and 65 years and older) with deficient blood levels of vitamin B12 was similar. Methionine synthase catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to methionine [5,6]. Vitamin B12 is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency in people with pernicious anemia and other conditions. Blood.2008;112:2214-21. [, Carmel R, Sarrai M. Diagnosis and management of clinical and subclinical cobalamin deficiency: advances and controversies. , Krebs-Smith SM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, page RL 2nd, Valuck RJ frequently as! 12 in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Labeling: Revision of the body releases and absorbs 1.5... Mitochondrial genome integrity Buvat DR. use of dietary supplements can also occur 5,32... Maintain skin and digestion anemia called megaloblastic anemia that makes people tired weak... Shortness of breath, and protein metabolism and lactating women 2.8 mcg daily respectively... 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